Harriet Tubman’s life is one of the most inspiring narratives in American history. From slavery to freedom, and from freedom to fearless activism, her timeline is a journey through courage, resilience, and dedication to justice. Tubman’s contributions to the Underground Railroad and the Civil War, along with her later efforts in women’s suffrage, form a crucial part of the broader struggle for human rights. This topic presents a comprehensive timeline of Harriet Tubman’s life, highlighting the key events and historical contexts that defined her legacy and influence in the fight against slavery and inequality.
Early Life and Enslavement
c. 1822 – Birth in Maryland
Harriet Tubman was born around 1822 in Dorchester County, Maryland. Her birth name was Araminta Ross, and she was born into slavery. Her parents, Harriet ‘Rit’ Green and Ben Ross, were both enslaved people. From an early age, Harriet endured harsh treatment and hard labor, which deeply shaped her resolve against slavery.
1830s – Childhood Trauma
As a child, Tubman suffered a traumatic head injury when an overseer threw a heavy weight at another slave and hit her instead. This caused lifelong medical issues, including sudden sleeping spells, but it also marked the beginning of her religious visions, which she interpreted as divine guidance.
Path to Freedom
1844 – Marriage to John Tubman
Harriet married a free Black man named John Tubman in 1844. Although their union gave her some stability, she remained enslaved. Her desire for freedom intensified during this period, especially with the constant threat of being sold further south.
1849 – First Escape
In 1849, after learning she might be sold, Tubman escaped slavery using the Underground Railroad. She traveled alone, relying on her wits, allies, and the secret network that led slaves to the North. She reached Philadelphia safely, but her mission was far from over.
Underground Railroad Leadership
1850 – Return to Rescue Family
Despite the risk, Tubman returned to Maryland to rescue her family members. Over time, she made approximately 13 missions and helped around 70 enslaved people escape, never losing a single passenger. Her success earned her the nickname Moses.
1850 – Fugitive Slave Act
After Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which required escaped slaves to be returned even from free states, Tubman extended her rescue missions to Canada. She adapted her routes and tactics, increasing secrecy and traveling at night.
Public Advocacy and Civil War Contribution
1858 – Meeting with John Brown
Tubman met with abolitionist John Brown in 1858. She supported his militant opposition to slavery and helped him plan his raid on Harpers Ferry, though she did not participate. Their alliance showed Tubman’s growing influence in the abolitionist movement.
1861-1865 – Role in the Civil War
During the American Civil War, Tubman served the Union Army as a nurse, scout, and spy. She became the first woman to lead an armed military operation in the Combahee River Raid in 1863, which freed over 700 enslaved people in South Carolina. Her bravery and leadership solidified her status as a national hero.
Post-War Life and Continued Activism
1865 – War Ends, Slavery Abolished
Following the Civil War and the ratification of the 13th Amendment, slavery was formally abolished. Tubman continued to fight for justice, turning her focus to women’s suffrage and the welfare of formerly enslaved people.
1869 – Second Marriage and Biography
Harriet married Nelson Davis, a Civil War veteran, in 1869. That same year, her first authorized biography,Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman, was published by Sarah H. Bradford. The book raised awareness and financial support for Tubman’s work and needs.
1870s-1890s – Advocacy and Philanthropy
In her later years, Tubman continued to speak publicly in support of women’s suffrage. She also donated land to build a home for elderly and impoverished African Americans in Auburn, New York. Her commitment to justice remained strong despite declining health and poverty.
Final Years and Legacy
1913 – Death in Auburn, New York
Harriet Tubman died in 1913 at the estimated age of 91. She was buried with military honors at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn. Her funeral drew many admirers who had been inspired by her selfless service and leadership.
Posthumous Recognition
After her death, Tubman’s contributions received growing acknowledgment. In the 20th and 21st centuries, numerous schools, museums, and landmarks were named in her honor. She was also chosen to appear on the U.S. $20 bill a symbol of her enduring impact on American history.
Key Highlights of Harriet Tubman’s Timeline
- c. 1822: Born as Araminta Ross in Maryland.
- 1844: Married John Tubman.
- 1849: Escaped from slavery to Philadelphia.
- 1850-1860: Conducted multiple rescue missions via the Underground Railroad.
- 1861-1865: Served in the Civil War as a Union scout, nurse, and commander.
- 1869: Published biography and married Nelson Davis.
- 1908: Founded the Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged.
- 1913: Died and buried with military honors.
Harriet Tubman’s life timeline represents more than just a sequence of dates. It reflects the unwavering courage of a woman who defied the chains of slavery, risked her life for others, and continued to serve long after her personal freedom was secured. From her early days in Maryland to her legendary status as an abolitionist and activist, Tubman’s journey remains a vital part of American heritage. Her story continues to educate and empower generations in the pursuit of freedom, equality, and justice.